Assessment of Pump-Based Drinking Water Quality Compliance with World Health Organization Standards in Central Gondar, Ethiopia

Abstract

Access to quality water is critical for public health; however, Ethiopia is grappling with challenges stemming from inadequate infrastructure and limited resources. This study evaluated the quality of drinking water sourced from large and medium-sized pump-based systems in Central Gondar, comparing the findings against WHO water quality standards. Employing an explanatory mixed methods research design, 415 respondents were selected through systematic sampling. Data were gathered through surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews, alongside experimental analyses conducted at sample sites.

The results indicated a low level of satisfaction with drinking water quality, with only 1.3% of householders reporting very high satisfaction and 18% expressing satisfaction. Regarding water treatment, a mere 0.26% of households were very satisfied, while 53% voiced dissatisfaction, underscoring concerns about the effectiveness of treatment methods. Additionally, approximately 55% of respondents rarely observed changes in water quality due to seasonal variations, reflecting a limited understanding of safety testing protocols.

Interestingly, 33.3% of respondents rated the WHO standards for drinking water quality as excellent, which was associated with a perception of a highly reliable water supply system. Experimental results revealed variability in calcium and magnesium levels, with the Dembia-3 sample showing the highest calcium concentration at 110 mg/L. Alarmingly, the Gondar-4 sample tested positive for fecal coliforms (3 colonies/100 mL) and total coliforms (15 colonies/100 mL), raising significant public health concerns.

In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for improvements in water quality management and emphasizes the importance of raising community awareness regarding water safety issues.