Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
Horn of Africa Journal Social Sciences is published quarterly . Open Access: free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 20 – 25 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5 days. Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in our journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Assessment of Digital Skills and Training in Somali Government Institutions.
With an emphasis on employee competencies, access to digital tools, and institutional factors that impact digital capacity-building, this study investigates the current status of ICT training and digital skills within Somali government institutions. Understanding the readiness of the public sector workforce is crucial for enhancing service delivery, transparency, and administrative effectiveness as Somalia moves forward with its national digital transformation agenda. data on digital literacy, access to ICT resources, training experiences, and perceived barriers to skill development were gathered from 138 government employees using structured questionnaires and a descriptive research design. The results show that the majority of workers are young, highly educated, and have intermediate to advanced digital skills. They also show a strong desire to improve their digital competencies. significant skill gaps still exist in crucial areas like the use of Microsoft programs, online communication tools, and government digital services, despite the fact that computers are widely accessible and ICT tools are frequently used. Additionally, even though 70% of respondents said they had attended ICT-related training, the most significant obstacle to digital advancement was found to be the absence of regular and organized training opportunities. Skill development is further hampered by institutional constraints, such as insufficient organizational support, unequal distribution of ICT programs, and low awareness of available training. The study comes to the conclusion that although Somalia's public sector has a lot of potential for digital transformation, real progress will need better coordination between ministries and the creation of standardized, well-resourced training frameworks. Enhancing public sector performance and promoting sustainable national digital governance will require bolstering digital capacity-building initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
Infrastructure Scramble: Geopolitics, Logistics, and Stability in the Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa (HoA) has changed dramatically, from a region inundated by local conflicts, droughts and famines into a must grab critical arena for 21st-century geopolitical competition. At the core of this competition is geopolitics and logistics infrastructure driving the region's contemporary stability, conflict, and integration dynamics. The glitter of HoA has pitted the global and regional powers in a “new scramble” for influence. It is a mortal combat primarily manifesting through a race to finance and control ports, railways, and military bases. The research leverage a multidisciplinary methodology combining geopolitical mapping, a logistics infrastructure audit, and policy framework analysis. This moves the study beyond cataloguing investments to critically analyse how controlling logistical networks can confer power, create dependencies, and reshape alliances.Thus, a fundamental contradiction framed in the rhetoric of “development” and “connectivity” is revealed. The study shows how infrastructure competition in HoA actually undermines regional integration and sovereignty. Reviewing the projects like the UAE’s port in Berbera and Turkey’s investment in Mogadishu shows deepened fractures, rifting regional relations, and extra-continental rivalries. On another angle infrastructure needs in the HoA have driven cooperation, as seen in the Ethiopia-Djibouti railway or the Ethiopia-Eritrea rapprochement. Notwithstanding, the rsearch finds that external strategic imperatives systematically override local developmental needs. They lead to debt-trap diplomacy, the weaponisation of logistics, and the heightened militarisation of vital trade chokepoints like the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. The study concludes, without a concerted effort for agency by the HoA states and regional institutions, this new scramble will produce a legacy of unsustainable debt, strategic dependency, and a deeply fractured regional relations that set the stage for future conflicts.
Assessment of Pump-Based Drinking Water Quality Compliance with World Health Organization Standards in Central Gondar, Ethiopia
Access to quality water is critical for public health; however, Ethiopia is grappling with challenges stemming from inadequate infrastructure and limited resources. This study evaluated the quality of drinking water sourced from large and medium-sized pump-based systems in Central Gondar, comparing the findings against WHO water quality standards. Employing an explanatory mixed methods research design, 415 respondents were selected through systematic sampling. Data were gathered through surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews, alongside experimental analyses conducted at sample sites. The results indicated a low level of satisfaction with drinking water quality, with only 1.3% of householders reporting very high satisfaction and 18% expressing satisfaction. Regarding water treatment, a mere 0.26% of households were very satisfied, while 53% voiced dissatisfaction, underscoring concerns about the effectiveness of treatment methods. Additionally, approximately 55% of respondents rarely observed changes in water quality due to seasonal variations, reflecting a limited understanding of safety testing protocols. Interestingly, 33.3% of respondents rated the WHO standards for drinking water quality as excellent, which was associated with a perception of a highly reliable water supply system. Experimental results revealed variability in calcium and magnesium levels, with the Dembia-3 sample showing the highest calcium concentration at 110 mg/L. Alarmingly, the Gondar-4 sample tested positive for fecal coliforms (3 colonies/100 mL) and total coliforms (15 colonies/100 mL), raising significant public health concerns. In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for improvements in water quality management and emphasizes the importance of raising community awareness regarding water safety issues.
Drinking water, Water quality, Satisfaction, WHO Standards, Pump-Based Systems, Central Gondar
The Negative Impact of Illegal Migration on Somali Youths
The purposes and objectives of this paper are addressing the negative impacts of illegal migration on Somali youths and also presenting the root causes of the massive illegal emigration of Somali youths from their homeland – Somalia – and their illegal immigration to the western countries by passing via Libya as a gateway to the European Continent which they immigrate to illegally. Many Somali youths & young adults, including nuclear families and extended families, travell to Europe through Libya, in search of a better life and new opportunities, but unfortunately they lose their dear lives in the Mediterranean Sea on their risky way to the European countries. This paper explores the physical impacts which result from the physical punishments and tortures which are inflicted on Somali youths by the outlawed Libyan human traffickers who usually showcase on the social media outlets humiliated Somali youth and young adults whom they take as financial captives, imprison them in hidden houses and then beat them up for the sake of getting huge ransom from their kith and kin who do not afford paying the heavy ransom which they demand to get so swiftly. This paper also sheds light on the negative impacts of illegal migration on Somali peoples’ economy and how it drains Somali parents of their meagre income and how it results in a financial crisis as well as an economic hurdle, as Somalia which has a population of 18,143, 37814 million. Directorate of Culture and Higher Education (2025) and is situated in the Horn of Africa is recovering from the plights of the prolonged Somali armed conflicts which have been causing the said mass exodus of the Somali youths’ emigration since the inception of the Somali civil war in 1991. This in mind, this paper also investigates the psychological impact of illegal migration on the Somali youths who hail from a fragile nation – Somalia – which joined the East African Community on March the 4th 2024. Being a member of this block and being a nation whose youths and young adults immigrate to the Western World, while passing through some East African counties such as Ethiopia and Kenya, and using them as exits from the African continent. Also, a nation which assumed its non-permanent seat on the Security Council of the United Nations on January the 1st 2025, Somalia is bound to the laws, (including international law), conventions and protocols about the global migration, is in a dire need of conducting conclusive and comprehensive researches on the impact of illegal migration on its human resource since Somalia is dedicated to implementing the 2060 vision of its National Transformation Plan which is a developmental milestone for achieving a long-term national vision that is, in light with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are to be maximised by all. In conclusion, this paper focuses on the following four main points: Physical impacts of illegal migration on Somali young adults, Psychological impacts of illegal migration on Somali youths, Financial impacts of illegal migration on Somali parents, and Economic impacts of illegal migration on Somali community.
Public Perceptions of Women’s Quota in the Somali Parliament
Somali women are gradually entering the political and leadership landscape. Currently, several influential women hold key political positions, including the Deputy Speaker of Parliament, a former Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the current Minister of Women and Human Rights. In the 2017 and 2022 parliamentary elections, a 30% quota for women's representation was allocated. However, actual outcomes fell short women secured only 24% of seats in 2017 and 19% in 2022. Given these results, the likelihood of achieving the 30% quota in the upcoming 2026 elections remains low. It is important to note that the 30% quota was not a locally driven initiative, which has contributed to its limited implementation. Moreover, there is a lack of research addressing women's representation in Somalia’s parliament. Objective: This study aims to explore public perceptions of the women's quota in the Somali parliament and to identify what level of women’s representation is locally accepted and considered realistic. Methodology: Data collection was conducted on a nationwide scale, employing a mixed-methods approach that combined online and offline techniques. A stratified random sampling of residential addresses was undertaken across all major regional states in Somalia, encompassing both urban and rural areas, to ensure broad geographic and demographic representation. The target population consisted of Somali residents aged 18 years and above. Based on national population estimates, a total sample of n = 1,500 was targeted, yielding 1,372 completed responses, corresponding to a response rate of 91.5%. Findings: Over 60% of the respondents stated that women deserve 20% of the parliament quote while, 12% said no need quota allocation at all let them compete and voters should decide what they deserve. The survey also finds that Somali people largely believe men and women are not equally capable when it comes to some key qualities and behaviors that are essential for parliament seat.
Youth Engagement in Reconciliation Processes: Pathways to Sustainable Peace-Building in Somalia
Somalia’s protracted conflict has disproportionately affected young people, who constitute over 70% of the population, yet their potential role as peacebuilders remains underutilized. This study examines youth engagement in reconciliation processes as a pathway to sustainable peace in Somalia. The research aims to explore how Somali youth contribute to reconciliation, the barriers they face, and the strategies needed to enhance their inclusion in peacebuilding. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving twelve semi-structured interviews with key informants, including youth leaders, government officials, academics, and civil society actors. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: active youth participation in peace initiatives, structural barriers such as unemployment, clan-based exclusion, and political marginalization, the importance of intergenerational collaboration with elders, and significant policy gaps that limit institutional support for youth-led initiatives. Findings indicate that Somali youth are increasingly recognized as agents of reconciliation, organizing inter-clan dialogues, counter-extremism campaigns, and community projects that foster social cohesion. However, systemic exclusion, insecurity, and lack of resources continue to undermine their efforts. The study concludes that sustainable peace in Somalia requires institutionalizing youth engagement through inclusive policies, targeted capacity building, and stronger partnerships between youth organizations, elders, and state institutions. Empowering youth to actively shape reconciliation processes is not only essential for addressing the root causes of conflict but also for ensuring long-term stability and resilience.
Youth engagement, Reconciliation processes, Sustainable peace
The Role of Civil Registration in Enhancing National Security and Stability in Somalia.
This article examines the critical role of civil registration in enhancing national security and stability in Somalia. Grounded in the theory of governance and state-building, the study emphasizes the importance of accurate civil registration systems in establishing identity, promoting accountability, and enabling effective governance. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it integrates qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys, engaging stakeholders including government officials, NGOs, and community leaders. The findings reveal that the findings from the study indicate a strong recognition of the importance of civil registration among participants, with 90% acknowledging its role in preventing fraud and 85% providing its significance in enhancing identity verification. Despite the recognized importance of civil registration, significant challenges persist. Security concerns were identified by 85% of participants as a major barrier to effective civil registration in Somalia. The benefits of civil registration are significant, with 82% of participants recognizing its role in improving health outcomes. Participants also unveiled economic development (78%) and enhanced legal rights (76%) as significant advantages of civil registration. Participants offered several recommendations for enhancing civil registration, with 88% emphasizing the need to increase public awareness. Strengthening security measures (80%) was also deemed important, reflecting a widespread recognition that effective governance requires a secure environment where citizens feel safe to participate in civil processes. It is conclude that civil registration plays a vital role in enhancing national security and stability in Somalia, serving as an important mechanism for identity verification, resource allocation, and community trust. The findings of this study unveil the profound implications of a good civil registration system, particularly in a context characterized by insecurity and fragmented governance. The challenges faced by Somalia's civil registration system is stemming from decades of conflict and instability. The lack of centralized governance has led to inconsistent practices and significant gap in public awareness regarding the importance of civil registration. It was recommended that to realize the potential benefits of civil registration, comprehensive strategies should implemented to strengthen these systems. The government should prioritize investments in civil registration infrastructure to ensure accessibility and reliability. The government, along with NGOs and community leaders, should conduct outreach programs that inform citizens about the importance of registering vital events. Collaboration between government bodies, NGOs, and international organizations can enhance the effectiveness of civil registration efforts. Finally, enhancing Somalia’s civil registration system is imperative for the nation’s security, governance, and social cohesion.
Civil registration, national security and stability
Skin Bleaching Among Somali Women: Exploring Social Drivers and Consequences
In Somalia, where darker skin once represented cultural identity and natural beauty, a quiet transformation is taking place. More and more women are turning to skin bleaching products to make their skin lighter. Objective: This study aims to understand the reasons behind why Somali women engage in skin bleaching, its prevalence and the health effects associated with the use of skin lightening products. Methodology: This study combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore reasons, prevalence and effects of skin bleaching among women in Somalia. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews. While quantitative insights were obtained through structured online questionnaires. Findings: The study results indicate that skin-lightening practices are quite common among Somali women. The reasons for using skin lightening products include attracting a marriage partner, Peer pressure from friends and Family, seeking job opportunities, Influence of social media, and boosting self-confidence.
Stakeholder’s Perception on the Foundation Year: Case Study Somalia Higher Education
The study seeks to identify and understand the stakeholders’ perceptions of the foundation year in Mogadishu, Somalia, with special reference to the first-year students in higher learning institutions. The data collection tool used was a structured questionnaire administered between September 2023 and June 2024 to ensure enough time was granted to gather information as students moved from semester to semester. To this aim, the survey deliberately aimed for as wide a coverage of responses as possible and collected basic demographic information alongside the nature of respondents (students, lecturers, administrators, parents) and their detailed qualitative responses for multiple facets of the foundation year. Data collected was analysed descriptively to reveal tendencies, relationships and possible areas of improvement using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. Some measures to validate data include: the study's data was reviewed by experts, and data collectors underwent intensive training to ensure the validity and accuracy of the data. The outcomes showed that 63,75% of participants described their attitude towards the foundation year negatively; they negatively noted how much it undermines students’ knowledge and contributes to the complaints about its complexity or inefficiency. Nevertheless, 37.25% of respondents benefited from the cutting-edge development of the teaching environment. The key issues of concern include the credit hour issue, the issue of the foundation year structure relative to the course structure, language major problems, teaching materials problems, and the fee issues. On the question of finance, 85.6% of participants opined that foundation year students rarely received a waiver for fees, while 74.4 % opined that the reform is not necessary for the effective delivery of the programme to the students. Moreover, there is a greater percentage response of 63.6% of the respondents who believed that the foundation year would not impact students culturally and academically, but with a caveat that this program’s duration should run for only one semester, if the government is unable to dismiss. Therefore, the following reform strategies are suggested to improve the foundation year based on the conclusion. These are to include initiating greater correlation strategies between the courses offered and the students’ disciplines of major concentration, the quality of course content, language instruction, the foundation year fees amendments, and the shortening of the program to a semester format. These improvements are aimed at enhancing the learning environment that assists the students in the preparation of their university education and improves the performance of university students in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Impact and its Associated Factors of Inter Ethnic Conflict Between Afar and Somali Communities the Case of Amibara, Gewane and Mille Woredas, Zone Three Afar Region
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact and associated factors of ethnic conflict between Afar and Somali communities in the case of Amibara, Gewane and Mille Woredas, Afar Regional State. To achieve this objective, the study employed a qualitative research approach with a case study design. The study used primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews, FGDs and personal observation. To select key informants and FGD discussants, non-probable sampling, particularly the purposeful sampling technique, was employed. The study's findings indicate that competition over control and access to natural resources such as pasture, water, and land, politicization of ethnicity, territory claims and the proliferation of SALWs have been major causes of violent conflict. Moreover, the finding also revealed that the major impact of Afar and Somali violent inter-ethnic conflict has manifested itself in ways like human and livestock deaths, depletion of financial assets, destruction of infrastructure, degradation of natural resources, forced migration, loss of biodiversity, inaccessible health services, low food production, trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Finally, to bring lasting and durable peace, there is a need to adopt constructive and long-term solutions through inclusivity, cohesion and cultural tolerance among two communities.
Somali Community Perception on Arabic Language
The problem of the study is to determine the perception of Somali society towards the Arabic language in the field of education and work, and how society views this language in general, many Somalis believe that Arabic is backward language, Therefore, this study felt this problem and interrogates whether these perceptions are real or not. This study aimed at discovering and collecting perceptions of Somali community on Arabic language, This study has a great importance because it reveals the truth about the Somali perception towards the Arabic language, the study followed the descriptive, and cross sectional method, the researcher selected the sample size by following virtual sampling method(VSM), the study used for data collection electronic questioner, and gained the findings include: The 84% of respondents showed that Arabic language easy and understandable comparing with other languages , while 16% believe that Arabic is difficult language , according to work field the 79% of respondents showed that Arabic scholars can find a job , while 21% answered that Arabic language cannot find a job , 52% of respondents believe that Arabic is active and sophisticated language, while 48%of them believe that Arabic is aback ward language which cannot compatible with education and technology, and 57% of them showed that western countries has made defamation against Arabic language. the most of respondents showed their willing to learn Arabic for the purpose of religious affairs, the study recommended to do deep studies to direct community towards their language which is very crucial in terms of religion , culture , and communication.
The Future of Somalia’s Foreign Relations in a Multipolar World
This investigates the complexities of Somalia's foreign relations within the framework of an increasingly multipolar global landscape, focusing on the vital challenge of balancing the influences of emerging global powers against the imperative of maintaining national sovereignty and stability. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data, the research examines Somalia's diplomatic engagements, trade agreements, and geopolitical strategies involving key international actors. The findings reveal that Somalia's foreign policy can be enhanced by strategically leveraging partnerships with multiple global powers, particularly China, the United States, and regional stakeholders, thereby allowing for more resilient economic and political frameworks. Additionally, the research underscores the critical significance of these diplomatic strategies in fostering healthcare development, highlighting that sustained foreign investment and international cooperation are essential for addressing Somalia’s pressing health challenges. The implications of this study extend beyond diplomatic theory, suggesting that Somalia's adept navigation of its foreign relations can lead to enhanced healthcare delivery systems, improved public health outcomes, and greater overall stability. By establishing a model for other nations in similar geopolitical contexts, the research contributes valuable insights into the intersection of international relations and healthcare, advocating for policy frameworks that prioritize both diplomatic engagement and the advancement of national health priorities.
A Decade of Challenges and Progress: An Analysis of the Secondary School Leaving Examination in Somalia (2015–2024)
After the civil war in 1991, Somalia went 24 years without a unified national secondary school leaving examination due to the absence of a centralized government. The exams were reinstated in 2015, marking a significant step toward rebuilding the education system. During the absence of a government-administered certification exam, various educational associations provided recognized secondary education certificates. Notable among them were FPENS and SAFE which played a crucial role in maintaining educational standards and certification during this period. Objective: This study aims to analyze student participation trends and success rates over the years, while also evaluating the progress and challenges faced by the National Examination between 2015 and 2024. Methodology: In this study, utilized secondary data obtained from the Ministry of Education, and interviews were conducted with staff from the Ministry of Education, formal education networks, Director of Union of Banadir Region Schools, and the director of Somali Teachers Syndicate. Findings: study findings show significant growth in student participation, indicating a positive shift in access to secondary education in Somalia. Student enrollment in the exam has grown from 3,522 in 2014 to 36,034 in 2024. The number of female students participating in the exams has also increased in recent years. From 2021 to 2024, the average pass rates of students have improved across all states. In this regard, students from Jubbaland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, and Southwest have achieved pass rates reaching or exceeding 99%. Notably, the Banaadir region has the highest number of students passing the exam, with 89%.
Ministry of Education, Culture, and Higher Education
Emotional Impact of ResearchGate ButtonsRead, Interest Score, Citation, and Recommendation Among Academic Researchers
Reaction buttons have become an integral part of digital academic platforms, shaping how researcher interact with scholarly content. On RearchGate, these buttons facilitate engagement, collaboration, and knowledge exchange, distinguishing them from traditional social media interactions. Purpose This study examines the role of ResearchGate's reaction buttons in fostering academic discourse and professional networking on a global scale. It explores their impact on researcher visibility, motivation for knowledge sharing, and the perception of scholarly recognition. Methods: We gathered data utilizing the quantitative approach. The study focused on ResearchGate users who were given a questionnaire to complete on their own. Out of the 450 individuals targeted, 390 responded, resulting in a response rate of 87%. Both men and women were given equal opportunities to participate, ensuring a balanced representation of gender among the responses. The data analysis employed a descriptive methodology. Findings: The findings revealed that researchers utilize reaction buttons as a tool for increasing visibility and attracting citations. Additionally, engagement with these features often leads to comparisons with peers, influencing perceptions of academic success. Researchers also associate reaction buttons with emotional responses, using them to gain a sense of achievement, boost motivation, and mitigate feelings of anxiety related to their research’s reception. Research limitations: This research focused solely on the emotional impact of ResearchGate buttons among global researchers. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study sheds light on the emotional impact of ResearchGate buttons among global researchers.
Acceptance Level of Value Added Tax (VAT) Implementation in Somalia.
In August 2024, the Somali government introduced a 5% sales tax, sparking mixed reactions from various segments of society, particularly traders and consumers. Many opposed the tax, citing concerns over its potential negative impact on businesses and the economy. In response, we conducted a study to examine public concerns about the Value Added Tax (VAT) and assess its level of acceptance in Somalia Purpose: To assess the public acceptance level of VAT implementation in Somalia Methodology: The research employed a quantitative approach, using questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The target population consisted of individuals directly affected by VAT, particularly those engaged in business activities. The study initially aimed for 400 respondents, but valid responses were received from 300 participants, resulting in a 75% response rate. A random sampling method was used to ensure fairness and diversity in the sample. Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 27 for Windows to determine frequencies and percentages. Findings: The findings reveal a significant gap in public awareness regarding the 5% sales tax. Additionally, the study identified a widespread perception that the tax is unaffordable. The belief that taxation disproportionately impacts lower-income groups is also reflected in the study's findings. Research Limitations: This study focused solely on the level of public acceptance of VAT implementation in Somalia. Therefore, the findings may not be generalizable to other countries. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study sheds light on level of public acceptance of VAT implementation in Somalia.
Exploring the role of youth led initiatives in state rebuilding case study Mogadishu Somalia
This paper explores into the significant role of youth initiatives in state rebuilding in Mogadishu, Somalia. As the state grapples with the aftermath of conflict and political instability, youth-led programs have emerged as a major force for positive change. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, this research sheds light on how these initiatives promote community engagement and social cohesion, and empower young people to play an active role in governance and state rebuilding. The findings of the study reveal that 49.4% of youth-led initiatives promote social cohesion and innovation, while 58.0% enhance public participation. However, 50.6% of youth face political marginalization, and 39.5% encounter financial constraints. Additionally, 44.4% experience security concerns, and 43.2% report issues with innovation theft. Looking ahead, 51.9% of youth-led initiatives require increased support from government and NGOs. The study recommends that government, NGOs, and private entities create safe and sound environment for youth to engage and contribute for the governance and state rebuilding efforts.
The Economic Impact of Fintech Innovation in Somalia
Purpose – This study aims to explore how the Financial Technology (Fintech) industry contributed to the country’s economic growth. Design/methodology/approach to meet the research goals, the study used a mix of methods, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. First phase conducted detailed interviewswith senior and mid-level managers from 25 financial institutions and Fintech companies of different sizes and backgrounds. In the second phase, 44 participants were selected together quantitative data, including employees from Fintech, academics, employment agencies, insurance firms, technology centers, incubators, and start-ups. Findings – The Somali shilling is nearing extinction, and it is predicted that Somalia will become a fully cashless society in the coming years. However, financial technology (Fintech) is stepping in to fill this gap, playing an increasingly significant role in daily transactions. The rise of digital money, like EVC Plus, has brought about various platforms for contactless payments in many areas, such as business deals, buying goods and services, sending money to rural and vulnerable communities, paying army salaries, collecting government taxes, reducing corruption and supporting those affected by floods, droughts, and conflicts. Fintech in Somalia is considered a key driver for promote inclusivity and boost economic participation for all citizens. Research limitations/implications – Since the research was conducted on Economic Impact of Fintech Innovation in Somalia, the findings may not be applicable to other service sectors. Originality/value – This research explores how financial technology (Fintech) industry contributed to the Somalia’s economic growth. The findings aim to help Somalia and other similar nations improve Financial Technology (Fintech) in their economic sectors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
Factors Influencing Service Quality and its Impact on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A case Study of the Somali Private Banking Sector
Purpose – This study aims to explore the key factors influencing customer satisfaction in Somalia’s private banking sector. Specifically, it focuses on critical aspects such as reliability, responsiveness, visibility, employee commitment, and access to service, all of which play a pivotal role in shaping customer experiences and perceptions. The study also investigates the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. Design/methodology/approach The study population specifically focused on customers receiving Somalian Private Banking services. In this study, 200 respondents were targeted who are the customers of the private banks in Somalia. Out of 200 distributed questionnaires, we received 160 responses that gave a response rate of 80%. The research data were analyzed using descriptive and structural equation modelling (SEM) approaches. Findings – According to the findings customer satisfaction was significantly influenced by the variables of responsiveness, visibility, reliability, and staff commitment. The hypothesis was accepted indicating a significant positive influence of responsiveness on customer satisfaction (path coefficient= 0.261, T-value = 2.543, and p-value = 0.011). Similarly, visibility yielded a strong positive path coefficient of 0.534 which was also significant, leading to the acceptance of H3. Consequently, consumer satisfaction greatly enhanced their loyalty. A further study of variance revealed considerable differences in customer satisfaction based on gender, age, and education level. Research limitations/implications – Since the research was conducted on the private banking market in Somalia, the findings may not be applicable to other service sectors. Originality/value – This research explores how customers evaluate the services offered by private banks, considering broader service quality standards, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. The findings aim to help Somalia and other nations improve customer satisfaction and loyalty in their private banking sectors.
Emotional Impact of Social Media Buttons “Like, Share, and Comment” Among Somali Youth
Social media reaction buttons have become the center of youth’s social debate, and Somali youth have developed an obsession with social media reaction buttons. Young individuals get self-esteem from accomplishing social mediammilestones, and conversely, they feel anxious when they don’t obtain a “Like, Share, or Comment.” This survey comes at a time when social media has sparked online arguments between youth and created conflict and violence in the capital city of Mogadishu. Purpose: The utilization of social media reaction buttons is undergoing a significant transformation. The objective of this study is to assess the emotional effects of social media buttons “Like, Share, and Comment” on Somali youth. The study also examines the impact of reaction buttons on the promotion of group unity, the pursuit of romantic connections, and the experience of both positive emotions and feelings of unease. Methodology: We gathered data utilizing the quantitative approach. The study focused on 1,000 social media users who were given a questionnaire to complete on their own. Out of the 1,000 individuals, 856 responded, resulting in a response rate of 86%. Both men and women were given equal opportunities to participate, ensuring a balanced representation of gender among the responses. The data analysis employed a descriptive methodology. Findings: The findings revealed that youth use reaction buttons to pursue romantic relationships, foster clan solidarity to gain happiness, and avoid anxiety. Research limitations: This research focused solely on the emotional impact of social media buttons among Somali youth. Thus, the results might not be applicable to other countries. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study sheds light on the emotional impact of social media buttons among Somali youth
Festivals, Identity and Social Stability in Africa: The Example of Calabar Carnival.
Festivals are organized periodic celebrations which form the popular culture which encompass the activities and feelings as a result of interaction, across societies of the world. Festivals are signifiers of the cultural identity of spaces within which they occur, thereby becoming tourism events which relate the socio-cultural space of humanity and the contribution of our social identity. This paper explores the role festival tourism plays through identity and exchange of culture, signifying celebrations, promoting community values, ideologies, continuity and social stability. The paper explores identities through examples of performing nationalities and diversity of cultures from Calabar and Lamu carnival of Nigeria. How do festivals contribute to interpreting cultural identity? The paper answers this through discourse of the diverse characteristics of these festivals
Measuring Quality Performance ofPublic Hospitals in Somalia
Public hospitals are government-owned hospitals, but they’re not fully funded by the government. The UN provides the majority of funding for public healthcare; however, very little is known about the quality of public hospitals in Somalia. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the quality performance of public hospitals by using nine indicators, namely, patient waiting time, patient complaints, patient satisfaction, employee job satisfaction, medical service cost, shortage of medical services, errors in medical services, waste in processes, and availability of quality medical equipment. Methodology: First, the research began by mapping referral public hospitals in federal states of Somalia. Second, using simple random sampling with a self-administered questionnaire targeted at 16 public hospitals with 30 respondents, for a total of 480; however, two hundred and ninety-seven respondents have accepted to participate in the study, these make in a response rate of 62 percent. Research data were analyzed based on descriptive analysis. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the majority items of the quality performance mean values were less than the midpoint of the scale (mean = 2.909, the standard deviation = 0.867). This indicates that the majority of the respondents were either neutral or agreed with the negative scale about the quality performance of the public hospitals. Research limitations: This research focused solely on the quality performance of the Somali public hospitals; thus, the results might not be applicable to other countries. Originality/value: Present research findings provide guidelines for enhancing quality performance in the Somalia public healthcare sector.
Factors Influencing Consumers Attitudes towards Online Shopping: Case Study E-Commerce in Mogadishu Somalia
The role of the internet, in particular, of electronic commerce web sites, has been recognized as a marketing tool for attracting and maintaining customers. Online shopping is defined as the process a customer takes to purchase a service or product over the internet while attitude toward the behavior is defined as the individual’s positive or negative feelings about performing a behavior. The purpose: of this study is to conduct to establish Factors influencing consumers Attitudes towards online Shopping Ecommerce organizations in Mogadishu Somalia. through online shopping as an alternative to visiting the physical shop. Methodology: The study followed descriptive correlational design using questionnaire to collect data with a sample of 100 respondents. The sampling technique of the study is non-probability sampling. The researchers selected this sampling technique because it gives the opportunity to choose the member target population who provides an accurate information. Findings: The researchers found that when consumers attitudes toward online shopping have a level of probability which It can increase or decrease online shopping depending the direction of the relations which is positive relationship.
Environmental Consequence Of The Plastic Waste Management System In The Banadir Region
This Academy study aims to establish the environmental impact assessment conducted on the solid waste management system in Mogadishu City. This research examines the primary objective of the EIA was to evaluate the potential environmental impacts resulting from the city’s garbage collection and disposal practices. The assessment conducted by the researcher considered various factors, including waste generation, effectiveness of collection, transportation implications, treatment and disposal methods, as well as health and social impacts. Additionally, suggested mitigation actions were also taken into account during the assessment. The outcomes of the EIA clearly emphasized the critical importance of implementing improved waste management procedures to minimize adverse environmental consequences. Recommendations were made for initiatives such as waste reduction and recycling, adopting cleaner technology, and implementing pollution control measures. The findings of this EIA provide valuable insights for the regional environmental agencies and the responsible waste management company in Mogadishu City. These insights will aid in making informed decisions to reduce negative environmental impacts and promote sustainable waste management practices.
Injection Drug Use and HIV/AIDSTransmission in Somalia
Somalia has been engulfed in civil strife, and drug dealers had a better chance of smuggling different kinds of drugs. According to a report from the Banadir Regional Administration, drug-related incidents reached their peak between 2020 – 2023, and injection drug users have also increased in Somalia; as a result, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases have spread to the country and caused serious alarming public health problems. In 2023, the police launched several operations against drug trafficking and its users. Various business centers were shut down and some others revoked business licenses during the operations. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the chances of transmission of HIV/AIDS among persons use injectable drugs in Somalia. The study also sought to investigate knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among persons injecting drug. Methodology: The study was conducted in Mogadishu and targeted people who use syringes to inject drugs. Two methods of data collection were used: first, a personal questionnaire, and second, the collection of blood samples for HIV/AIDS testing. Findings: The result indicates that 81% of respondents are unaware that HIV/AIDS exist in the country. The study also confirms that persons injecting drugs have very poor awareness of HIV/AIDS. 270 people were screened for HIV; 21 were HIV positive. Research limitations/implications. The study may not be applicable to other nations since it exclusively focused on persons injecting drugs in Somalia. Originality/value: Limited studies have been conducted to investigate drug injection and HIV/AIDS transmission in Somalia
Why Youth Join Gangs and Somalis’ Approachto Gang Prevention and Intervention
In recent years, youth gangs have been an issue of social concern in Somalia. From this concern comes a desire to conduct research about gangs, their formation, and what can be done to intervene with them. Researchers’ recommendations can lead to success for organized crime groups in the country. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate why youth join gangs and Somali’s approach to gang prevention and intervention. Design/methodology: A qualitative method has been used for the data collection; different focus groups and a total of 10 key informative interviews have been conducted with Mogadishu residents. Three key variables were investigated namely: joining, prevention, and intervention to gangs based on the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) process. transcripts were used to analyze data. Findings The findings of this study indicate that youth join gangs because of a lack of parental guidance and support, peer-to-peer influence, drugs addiction, the presence of gangs in the area, political interest, and so on. Research limitations/implications. This study only emphasized Somali Gangs; thus, the findings of the present study may not be applicable to other countries. Originality/value: Limited studies have been conducted to investigate why youth join gangs and how the government can build gang prevention and intervention services in Somalia.
Polio: Post-Campaign CommunicationAssessment in Banadir Region, Somalia
Polio campaigns are routinely conducted in Somalia and the ministry of health engages radios, TVs, mounted car announcements, and community mobilizers. Purpose: The assignment was initiated in order to assess the effectiveness of polio mass media campaigns with respect to outreach to targeted audiences and understanding of the messages of the various media, channels, and contents. Design/methodology: A quantitative method has been used for the data collection; The study heavily relies on primary data collection from the field. Visited houses were randomly selected in targeted districts. Findings The findings of this study indicate that, 7 out of 10 people surveyed cited that mass media as their source of information about polio campaigns. Also the study found Misconceptions, misinformation, fear as well as intricate tribal and cultural norms are challenges facing polio campaign in Benadir region. Research limitations/implications. This study only emphasized Benadir region polio cmapaign; thus, the findings of the present study may not be applicable to other countries. Originality/value: Limited studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of Polio post-campaign communication in Benadir region Somalia
Impact of Social Media on Students’ Performance in Secondary School Examination
Being a fragile state, Somalia is trying to recover the education gap. However, for the last three years, higher failure rates and lower grade passes were reported from secondary school examination results in Somalia. Mayor of Banadir region, Omar Filish said, “TikTok is one of the major factors contributing to lower grades and higher failure rates of secondary school examination results”. Therefore, our researchers discussed the effects of this and a study was conducted to investigate the impact of social media on students’ performance in secondary school examination. Research Objective: Three research objectives guided by the study. To study the most commonly used social media among secondary school students. To evaluate the time spent on social media among students. To investigate the positive and negatives effect of social media among the students. Method: The data were collected using a questionnaire which was translated into Somali for the convenience of the respondents. The population of this study was 40,000 form four students from public and private secondary schools in Somalia. The sample size of this study was 600 students drawn from the population. 582 were returned, which represents 97% of the respondents. 63% of the respondents were male, while 37% were female. Findings: The study found that 9 in 10 secondary students have a social media account. The most popular social media among students include Facebook, TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat. The majority of students spend an average 4-5 hours on social media on a typical day, which is more than the average time students spend on academic activities. The majority of parents are not happy with their children on social media. Students believe that social media are an obstacle to their learning progress
Assessing Discrimination Against PeopleLiving with HIV/AIDS in Somalia
As for HIV/AIDS, there is an estimate of 10,500 living with HIV/AIDS in Somalia. Children living with HIV are also estimated at 500. Among HIV positive people, only 35% attend ART centers for medications. This study aims to assess discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS in Somalia. With the support of People Living with HIV (PLHIV), the researcher targeted 346 respondents but those accepted to participate were 187 PLHIV including 102 females and 85 males live in different regional states in Somalia. During data collection the researcher either met face to face with the respondent or communicated by telephone. The study doesn’t assess how people become HIV positive. However, the study found nearly half of the respondents became HIV positive for the past five years. Stigma and discrimination are the major challenges face PLHIV. The assessment conducted 1st Dec. 2020 – 10th Jan. 2021
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Effect of COVID-19 for SendingRemittance in Somalia
Somali diaspora maintains a connection to their home country by sending remittances or traveling back home regularly. However, after the COVID-19 outbreak, the Somali diaspora had reduced or stopped sending remittances in which had affected the household income and the economy of Somalia. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of COVID-19 on sending remittances in Somalia. The survey was conducted from April 5 to 20 May 2021 by using semi-structured interviews. The analyzed data were received from the top five remittances operate in Somalia. Target respondents were executives and operation managers. Interviews were conducted on remittances’ place of works in Mogadishu. Some remittance interviews were conducted by phone. Findings show that Somalia is experiencing two consecutive years of remittances decline amid the Coronavirus lockdown. The decline has an extensive impact on business, the cash flow, the livelihood of household’s income, and the Somali Economy. The future recovery depends on how Coronavirus manages the world
A Closer Look at Bajaj Drivers in Mogadishu-Somalia
Bajaj is the most popular transportation in Mogadishu, it operates like a taxi. After the Bajaj second popular transportation exist the capital is minibus known (Homey) however, the scope of this study only considers data collected from the Bajaj drivers. Bajaj started operating in Mogadishu after 2010. Since after the number of Bajajs was increasing. Currently, it is estimated that nearly 35 thousand Bajaj’s operate in Mogadishu-Somalia. Bajaj drivers nearly 100% are male. The survey comes as community and commentators debate the behavior and/or characteristics of Bajaj drivers on a daily basis. The objective was to known the behavior and the profile of the Bajaj drivers. The survey conducted from 25 sept – 5 Nov 2020. Target respondents were 400 Bajaj drivers randomly selected. With the support of SRA enumerators, close-ended questionnaires were distributed among targeted respondent