Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
type: channel
description: Horn of Africa Journal Social Sciences is published quarterly . Open Access: free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 20 – 25 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5 days. Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in our journal, in appreciation of the work done.
publisher: Somali Researchers Association
language: en
publication name: Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
issn: 2959-9156
items: Usage of Online Learning Platforms among Computer Science Students in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Adoption, Access, and Transactional Distance
items: Reflecting on Somali Federalism: Lessons Learned and Future Directions
items: Kaalin Nabadeedda Maansada Soomaalida
items: Water-based Conflict in Sool Region: Case Studies Jidbale Water Well and Dabardalol Water Well in Hudun District
items: The Impact of Computer Science Degrees on Career Selection Among Graduates in Mogadishu, Somalia
items: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on High School Students in Banadir, Somalia
items: Adaptation Level of Internet of Things (IoT) in University Curricula: A Case Study on Mogadishu-Located Universities
items: Adaptation level of artificial intelligence (AI) in university curriculums: A case study on Mogadishu located universities
items: From Counting Casualties to Counting Votes: Evidence from Mogadishu’s First Election in Six Decades
items: The Illegal Fragmentation of Somalia: Israeli Recognition of Somaliland and the Violation of International Law
items: Assessment of Digital Skills and Training in Somali Government Institutions.
items: Infrastructure Scramble: Geopolitics, Logistics, and Stability in the Horn of Africa
items: Assessment of Pump-Based Drinking Water Quality Compliance with World Health Organization Standards in Central Gondar, Ethiopia
items: The Negative Impact of Illegal Migration on Somali Youths
items: Public Perceptions of Women’s Quota in the Somali Parliament
items: Youth Engagement in Reconciliation Processes: Pathways to Sustainable Peace-Building in Somalia
items: The Role of Civil Registration in Enhancing National Security and Stability in Somalia.
items: Skin Bleaching Among Somali Women: Exploring Social Drivers and Consequences
items: Stakeholder’s Perception on the Foundation Year: Case Study Somalia Higher Education
items: Impact and its Associated Factors of Inter Ethnic Conflict Between Afar and Somali Communities the Case of Amibara, Gewane and Mille Woredas, Zone Three Afar Region
items: Somali Community Perception on Arabic Language
items: The Future of Somalia’s Foreign Relations in a Multipolar World
items: A Decade of Challenges and Progress: An Analysis of the Secondary School Leaving Examination in Somalia (2015–2024)
items: Emotional Impact of ResearchGate ButtonsRead, Interest Score, Citation, and Recommendation Among Academic Researchers
items: Acceptance Level of Value Added Tax (VAT) Implementation in Somalia.
items: Exploring the role of youth led initiatives in state rebuilding case study Mogadishu Somalia
items: The Economic Impact of Fintech Innovation in Somalia
items: Factors Influencing Service Quality and its Impact on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A case Study of the Somali Private Banking Sector
items: Emotional Impact of Social Media Buttons “Like, Share, and Comment” Among Somali Youth
items: Festivals, Identity and Social Stability in Africa: The Example of Calabar Carnival.

Usage of Online Learning Platforms among Computer Science Students in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Adoption, Access, and Transactional Distance
type: item
description: The global diffusion of online learning platforms has transformed higher education, yet evidence on how computer science (CS) students use these tools in post-conflict, low-resource settings such as Somalia remains scarce. This study examined the usage, accessibility, and perceived effectiveness of online learning platforms among CS and related students in Mogadishu, Somalia, interpreting the findings through an integrated lens combining Moore’s Theory of Transactional Distance, the Community of Inquiry framework, and technology-acceptance theory (TAM/UTAUT). A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was administered electronically to 314 students through a structured, bilingual (English–Somali) questionnaire. Of the 314 respondents, 276 (87.9%) currently used online learning platforms, and analyses of platform experience were based on these active users. Descriptive statistics were computed, and Pearson’s chi-square tests examined associations between usage and demographic characteristics. Coursera, YouTube, and Udemy were the most widely used platforms; most students accessed the internet from home, and roughly one-third reported slow or very slow connectivity. Attitudes were favourable (68.1% positive or very positive), but three weaknesses were consistent with the international literature: limited clarity of lecturer communication, low peer interaction (55.4% interacting rarely or never), and difficulty of platform use (44.6%). Interpreted through the integrated framework, the results indicate that strong perceived usefulness has driven adoption ahead of the quality of the online experience: weak facilitating conditions, high transactional distance, and low effort expectancy persist. The study recommends targeted investment in connectivity, instructor capacity-building, interactive and mobile-friendly design, and digital-skills training aligned with regional digital agendas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: online learning platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: transactional distance
  topic: keywords
subject: technology acceptance
  topic: keywords
subject: digital divide
  topic: keywords
subject: computer science education
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdirahman Maow
creator: Abdullahi Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 28
doi: 10.70806/0m3syc15

Reflecting on Somali Federalism: Lessons Learned and Future Directions
type: item
description: This article examines the lessons learned from the implementation of federalism in Somalia and explores future directions for strengthening the country’s federal governance system. Following the collapse of the Somali central government in 1991, federalism emerged as a political framework intended to address state fragmentation, promote regional autonomy, and facilitate inclusive governance. However, the implementation of federalism has encountered substantial institutional and political challenges, including constitutional ambiguities, disputes over power-sharing, weak institutional capacity, and disagreements concerning resource allocation and security coordination. Using a qualitative research methodology, this study analyzes constitutional documents, policy reports, academic literature, and governance frameworks related to Somali federalism. The findings indicate that effective federal governance requires constitutional clarity, functional intergovernmental relations, institutional capacity-building, and equitable resource-sharing mechanisms. The study further demonstrates that sustainable federalism depends not only on formal constitutional arrangements but also on political trust, inclusive governance, and cooperative state-building processes. The article concludes that although federalism remains a viable mechanism for managing diversity and decentralizing governance in Somalia, its long-term sustainability depends on comprehensive constitutional reform, institutional strengthening, and sustained political cooperation among federal and regional actors. These reforms are critical for advancing political stability, democratic governance, national unity, and sustainable development in Somalia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Federalism, Somalia, Governance, State-building, Decentralization, Constitutional Reform, Intergovernmental Relations.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abshir Moalin Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.70806/g7j19790

Kaalin Nabadeedda Maansada Soomaalida
type: item
description: Daraasadan oo ah warqad cilmiyeed, waxay ku saabsan tahay: fiirinta, faalleynta, faaqidaadda, falkinta iyo falanqeynta guud ee kaalinta ay maansada Soomaaliyeed ku leedahay abuuridda, ahmiyadsiinta iyo adkeynta nabadda, iyo sidoo kale baajinta belaayada, baaska, buyuqbaayuqa, burburka, barakaca iyo basanbaaska ka beerma colaadda iyo dagaallada sokeeye ee ay muddada dheer la baaxaadegeysay bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee xididka iyo xigaalada isku wada ah. Daraasadan oo ah mid kooban, waxay u kuurgaleysaa kaalinta ay maansada Soomaaliyeed ka qaadato nabadeynta iyo walaaleynta bulshada Soomaaliyeed oo ah bulsho leh xeerar iyo dhaqan wanaagsan oo ku dhisan walaalnimo iyo wadajir. Waa cilmibaaris loogu talagalay helidda iyo haabashada kaalinta miiggan, muuqata ee weliba aadka u mudan ee uu maansayahanka Soomaaliyeed ku leeyahay kahortagga colaadaha sokeeye iyo kaladiridda dagaalyahannada Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu cilmibaaruhu cilmibaaristan ugu talagalay in ay ibafur iyo indhadillaacsi u noqoto cilmibaarayaasha Soomaaliyeed ee dhallinyarada ah ee doonayo in ay dersaan guud ahaan cilmiga nabadda, gaar ahaanna kaalinta maansayahanka Soomaaliyeed uu ku leeyahay nabadeynta iyo xasilloonida bulshada Soomaaliyeed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kaalin
  topic: keywords
subject: maanso
  topic: keywords
subject: Soomaali
  topic: keywords
subject: nabad
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Abdikadir Daud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 59
ending page: 75
doi: 10.70806/85fyfg47

Water-based Conflict in Sool Region: Case Studies Jidbale Water Well and Dabardalol Water Well in Hudun District
type: item
description: This paper examines the negative consequences and impacts of water-based conflict on the nomads in Sool Region, taking Jidbale Well and Dabardalol Well as case studies. The Jidbale and Dabardalol water-based conflict between Jama Siyad and Ugadyahan who are two sub-clans that belong to the Dulbahante clan in Northeast State of Somalia, represents a critical case of resource-based armed conflict in this semi-arid part of Somalia, where access to drinkable water is vital for survival and livelihoods of the nomads and pastoralists from these two brotherly sub-clans, who hail from the same father – Siyad Mohamud. The two sub-clans fought over water utility and well management in December, 2020 and in April, 2021, while the author of this paper was based in Lasanod City and was the Coordinator of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Analysis of Nugaal University in Lasanod – the Headquarters of Sool Region, where he then closely followed the consequences of the said armed conflicts. The two wells are Located in a drought-prone area in the semi-arid Sool Region in the northern part of Somalia – the current newly-established Northeast State of Somalia, where water scarcity incites intra-clan disputes. Dabardalol Well serves as a key water source for surrounding pastoralists and nomads from the above-mentioned sub-clans. Over time, population pressure, environmental degradation and prolonged recurrent droughts have been intensifying competition over the well which is situated in the vicinity of Hudun District in Sool Region, resulting in periodic clashes between these two sub-clans vying for its control, water utility and tribal ownership of it, too. This conflict was further exacerbated by the then weak governance structures, limited conflict resolution mechanisms and the absence of equitable water-sharing agreements between the said conflict actors and dispute stakeholders. This paper explores the root causes of this armed conflict, the main driving factors, the conflict act…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Water
  topic: keywords
subject: Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Sool
  topic: keywords
subject: Region
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Abdikadir Daud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 19
ending page: 38
doi: 10.70806/580wjg74

The Impact of Computer Science Degrees on Career Selection Among Graduates in Mogadishu, Somalia
type: item
description: The expansion of information and communication technology (ICT) industries across East Africa and the broader IGAD and Arab regions has created an urgent demand for computer science (CS) graduates. In Mogadishu, Somalia, universities have rapidly expanded CS programmes; however, limited empirical evidence exists regarding how such degrees translate into actual career outcomes. This study investigated the impact of computer science degrees on career selection, employment trajectories, and professional preparedness among graduates in Mogadishu, Somalia. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed with 300 CS graduates selected through systematic sampling. A structured, self-administered questionnaire covering 17 items was administered electronically and in-person in January 2026. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods including chi-square tests of independence and cross-tabulations. The majority of respondents were male (74.3%) and young (70.7% aged 20–24). Interest in technology was the primary motivation for degree selection (67.7%). Of respondents, 61.0% were employed in CS-related roles while 39.0% worked outside the field. University preparation significantly predicted career confidence (χ² = 58.938, p < 0.001), and employment sector distribution differed significantly by sex (χ² = 9.334, p = 0.025). The principal employment barriers included limited job openings (40.7%), nepotistic hiring practices (30.3%), and inadequate technical skills (31.7%). An overwhelming 79.7% of graduates planned to seek employment abroad. Computer science degrees in Mogadishu confer meaningful employability advantages; however, structural barriers including clan-based nepotism, skill gaps, and limited industry-academia linkages constrain graduate outcomes. Curriculum reforms, strengthened internship programmes, and merit-based recruitment frameworks are urgently needed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Computer Science education, career selection, employability, skill gap, ICT graduates, Somalia, Mogadishu
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdullahi Roble Ali
creator: Abdullahi Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 76
ending page: 98
doi: 10.70806/v4e5c340

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on High School Students in Banadir, Somalia
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming educational environments globally, including secondary schools in post-conflict and developing contexts. In Banadir, Somalia, AI tools are increasingly accessed by high school students despite persistent infrastructure constraints and limited institutional guidance. This study examined the impact of AI tools on the learning experiences, academic performance, skill development, and attitudes of high school students in Banadir, Somalia. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted with 315 high school students from public and private schools in Banadir. A structured, 22-item questionnaire was administered electronically. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential methods including Pearson’s chi-square tests of independence with cross-tabulations across all key variables. The majority of respondents (64.8%) reported using AI tools, with ChatGPT being the dominant platform (92.1%). Perceived impacts were largely positive: 84.4% reported that AI improved their understanding of school subjects, 79.1% stated AI helps them understand lessons better, and 79.1% indicated a positive or very positive academic impact. Problem-solving skills were the most frequently cited area of improvement (49.8%). However, significant challenges were identified: limited internet and device access (44.4%), inaccurate AI information (26.3%), and difficulty understanding AI tools (23.8%). Approximately 70.5% of students expressed a desire to continue using AI in future studies, and 70.5% supported greater AI integration in high school education. No statistically significant associations were found between AI use and sex, grade level, or school type, suggesting that AI is perceived as broadly beneficial across demographic groups. AI demonstrates strong positive potential for enhancing secondary school education in Banadir, Somalia. However, equitable access, teacher training, digital liter…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: High School Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Students’ Perceptions
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdirahman Osman Ali
creator: Abdullahi Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 39
ending page: 58
doi: 10.70806/xdn04a79

Adaptation Level of Internet of Things (IoT) in University Curricula: A Case Study on Mogadishu-Located Universities
type: item
description: The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming industries globally, yet its integration into university curricula in developing and post-conflict contexts such as Somalia remains largely unexplored. This study examines the adaptation level of IoT within university curricula across 24 institutions in Mogadishu, Somalia, drawn from 56 contacted universities out of more than 120 higher education institutions registered in Somalia. A mixed-methods design combines systematic curriculum document analysis with thematic analysis of open-ended questionnaire data collected from six academic staff members (P1–P6). Findings reveal that only one institution (4.2%) offers IoT as a standalone subject, while all 24 sampled universities (100%) incorporate at least one IoT-related course. Thirteen distinct IoT-related subjects were identified, with Data Communication & Networking and Wireless & Mobile Computing being the most prevalent. Curriculum mapping against IoT architecture layers demonstrates that the network layer is most extensively covered (91.7%), while the application and cloud layer remains critically underrepresented (20.8%). Qualitative thematic analysis identifies infrastructure deficits (100%), curriculum overcrowding (83.3%), funding constraints (50%), and faculty shortages (33.3%) as principal barriers, while documenting a unanimous consensus on the need for IoT integration, high student interest, and an observable trend of students self-enrolling in external IoT training centers to bridge the institutional curriculum gap. The study contextualises findings within East African Community (EAC), Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and Arab regional frameworks and concludes that Mogadishu universities possess meaningful curricular foundations but require strategic infrastructure investment, faculty development, and national policy coordination to advance toward dedicated IoT education programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Internet of Things (IoT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Curriculum Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Mogadishu
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Said Deq Esse
creator: Abdullahi Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.70806/7qc0zd75

Adaptation level of artificial intelligence (AI) in university curriculums: A case study on Mogadishu located universities
type: item
description: This study examines the adaptation level of artificial intelligence (AI) within university curricula in Mogadishu, Somalia, a post-conflict context characterized by emerging technological momentum yet significant resource constraints. Utilizing a comparative descriptive research design, data were collected from 24 universities through a systematic analysis of curriculum documents and open-ended questionnaires administered to academic staff. The findings reveal that while AI integration is gaining traction, it remains structurally uneven and predominantly theoretical in nature. Quantitative results indicate that although all 24 sampled institutions have integrated at least one AI-related subject, such as Machine Learning, Data Science, or Neural Networks, into their computing departments, only 16 universities (66.7%) offer AI as a standalone subject. Furthermore, qualitative data underscores critical systemic barriers, including a profound absence of national and institutional policy frameworks, a shortage of specialized faculty, and a lack of dedicated AI laboratories for practical application. The study concludes that while there is positive institutional movement toward technological adoption, sustainable AI education requires strategic capacity building, the establishment of standardized academic frameworks, and increased investment in digital infrastructure to align graduate competencies with the demands of a technology-driven global labor market.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: University Curriculum
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer Science
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Anab Hirsi
creator: Abdullahi Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 28
ending page: 34
doi: 10.70806/ny0mhz54

From Counting Casualties to Counting Votes: Evidence from Mogadishu’s First Election in Six Decades
type: item
description: For more than three decades, political authority in Mogadishu was shaped by violence, elite bargaining, and indirect governance, limiting citizens’ direct participation. In 25 December 2025, the city held its first direct local council elections in six decades, marking a critical shift in how political authority is exercised in a fragile context. Objective: This study examines how citizens experienced and interpreted this electoral moment and whether elections can generate legitimacy despite political contestation. Method: Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines district-level electoral data from 16 districts with quantitative analysis examines participation, ballot validity, party competition, and representation, while semi-structured interviews conducted among voters, captures perceptions of security, trust, and the meaning of voting. Finding: The findings show that, despite political disputes, elections were widely experienced as a transition from imposed authority to civic choice. Voters emphasized the significance of selecting representatives directly rather than through clan leaders or coercive actors. While participation and invalid ballot rates varied across districts, security conditions were broadly sufficient to enable open voting. The study contributes to debates on elections in fragile states by showing that elections can function as transitional institutions that normalize non-violent political competition and reframe political authority around citizen choice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: fragile states; elections; political legitimacy; voter participation; Mogadishu; Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharif Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 14
ending page: 27
doi: 10.70806/gqdm6z65

The Illegal Fragmentation of Somalia: Israeli Recognition of Somaliland and the Violation of International Law
type: item
description: Israel's December 2025 recognition of Somaliland constitutes a flagrant violation of international law and the established norms governing territorial integrity. This study demonstrates that Somaliland's unilateral secession lacks legal foundation under international law, having received no recognition from the United Nations, African Union, or any state until Israel's unprecedented breach. Israeli recognition—though framed rhetorically as supporting self-determination—operates primarily as a strategic instrument to secure control over the Bab al-Mandeb Strait, with destabilizing consequences for the Horn of Africa. By legitimizing an illegal secession outside UN and African Union frameworks, Israeli recognition normalizes fragmentation as a tool of power projection. This paper argues that Somaliland remains an integral part of Somalia under international law, and that external recognition of illegal entities threatens the foundation of the post-colonial African state system. Israel's action establishes a dangerous precedent wherein extra-regional powers can violate African territorial sovereignty through selective recognition, transforming statehood from a legal status into a bilateral transaction determined by strategic utility.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: illegal secession
  topic: keywords
subject: territorial integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: international law
  topic: keywords
creator: Habib Badawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.70806/eh2wa793

Assessment of Digital Skills and Training in Somali Government Institutions.
type: item
description: With an emphasis on employee competencies, access to digital tools, and institutional factors that impact digital capacity-building, this study investigates the current status of ICT training and digital skills within Somali government institutions. Understanding the readiness of the public sector workforce is crucial for enhancing service delivery, transparency, and administrative effectiveness as Somalia moves forward with its national digital transformation agenda. data on digital literacy, access to ICT resources, training experiences, and perceived barriers to skill development were gathered from 138 government employees using structured questionnaires and a descriptive research design. The results show that the majority of workers are young, highly educated, and have intermediate to advanced digital skills. They also show a strong desire to improve their digital competencies. significant skill gaps still exist in crucial areas like the use of Microsoft programs, online communication tools, and government digital services, despite the fact that computers are widely accessible and ICT tools are frequently used. Additionally, even though 70% of respondents said they had attended ICT-related training, the most significant obstacle to digital advancement was found to be the absence of regular and organized training opportunities. Skill development is further hampered by institutional constraints, such as insufficient organizational support, unequal distribution of ICT programs, and low awareness of available training. The study comes to the conclusion that although Somalia's public sector has a lot of potential for digital transformation, real progress will need better coordination between ministries and the creation of standardized, well-resourced training frameworks. Enhancing public sector performance and promoting sustainable national digital governance will require bolstering digital capacity-building initiatives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ICT Training,
  topic: keywords
subject: E-Government
  topic: keywords
subject: Somali Digitalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdirizak Hussein
creator: Abdullahi Mohamud Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.70806/jkhtfx87

Infrastructure Scramble: Geopolitics, Logistics, and Stability in the Horn of Africa
type: item
description: The Horn of Africa (HoA) has changed dramatically, from a region inundated by local conflicts, droughts and famines into a must grab critical arena for 21st-century geopolitical competition. At the core of this competition is geopolitics and logistics infrastructure driving the region's contemporary stability, conflict, and integration dynamics. The glitter of HoA has pitted the global and regional powers in a “new scramble” for influence. It is a mortal combat primarily manifesting through a race to finance and control ports, railways, and military bases. The research leverage a multidisciplinary methodology combining geopolitical mapping, a logistics infrastructure audit, and policy framework analysis. This moves the study beyond cataloguing investments to critically analyse how controlling logistical networks can confer power, create dependencies, and reshape alliances.Thus, a fundamental contradiction framed in the rhetoric of “development” and “connectivity” is revealed. The study shows how infrastructure competition in HoA actually undermines regional integration and sovereignty. Reviewing the projects like the UAE’s port in Berbera and Turkey’s investment in Mogadishu shows deepened fractures, rifting regional relations, and extra-continental rivalries. On another angle infrastructure needs in the HoA have driven cooperation, as seen in the Ethiopia-Djibouti railway or the Ethiopia-Eritrea rapprochement. Notwithstanding, the rsearch finds that external strategic imperatives systematically override local developmental needs. They lead to debt-trap diplomacy, the weaponisation of logistics, and the heightened militarisation of vital trade chokepoints like the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. The study concludes, without a concerted effort for agency by the HoA states and regional institutions, this new scramble will produce a legacy of unsustainable debt, strategic dependency, and a deeply fractured regional relations that set the stage for future conflicts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: geopolitics
  topic: keywords
subject: Horn of Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: new scramble
  topic: keywords
subject: conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Shastry Njeru
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 10
ending page: 24
doi: 10.70806/p601ch18

Assessment of Pump-Based Drinking Water Quality Compliance with World Health Organization Standards in Central Gondar, Ethiopia
type: item
description: Access to quality water is critical for public health; however, Ethiopia is grappling with challenges stemming from inadequate infrastructure and limited resources. This study evaluated the quality of drinking water sourced from large and medium-sized pump-based systems in Central Gondar, comparing the findings against WHO water quality standards. Employing an explanatory mixed methods research design, 415 respondents were selected through systematic sampling. Data were gathered through surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews, alongside experimental analyses conducted at sample sites. The results indicated a low level of satisfaction with drinking water quality, with only 1.3% of householders reporting very high satisfaction and 18% expressing satisfaction. Regarding water treatment, a mere 0.26% of households were very satisfied, while 53% voiced dissatisfaction, underscoring concerns about the effectiveness of treatment methods. Additionally, approximately 55% of respondents rarely observed changes in water quality due to seasonal variations, reflecting a limited understanding of safety testing protocols. Interestingly, 33.3% of respondents rated the WHO standards for drinking water quality as excellent, which was associated with a perception of a highly reliable water supply system. Experimental results revealed variability in calcium and magnesium levels, with the Dembia-3 sample showing the highest calcium concentration at 110 mg/L. Alarmingly, the Gondar-4 sample tested positive for fecal coliforms (3 colonies/100 mL) and total coliforms (15 colonies/100 mL), raising significant public health concerns. In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for improvements in water quality management and emphasizes the importance of raising community awareness regarding water safety issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drinking water, Water quality, Satisfaction, WHO Standards, Pump-Based Systems, Central Gondar
  topic: keywords
creator: Workneh Negash
creator: Arega Berlie
creator: Kassahun Gessesse
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 25
ending page: 47
doi: 10.70806/qqfmfg75

The Negative Impact of Illegal Migration on Somali Youths
type: item
description: The purposes and objectives of this paper are addressing the negative impacts of illegal migration on Somali youths and also presenting the root causes of the massive illegal emigration of Somali youths from their homeland – Somalia – and their illegal immigration to the western countries by passing via Libya as a gateway to the European Continent which they immigrate to illegally. Many Somali youths & young adults, including nuclear families and extended families, travell to Europe through Libya, in search of a better life and new opportunities, but unfortunately they lose their dear lives in the Mediterranean Sea on their risky way to the European countries. This paper explores the physical impacts which result from the physical punishments and tortures which are inflicted on Somali youths by the outlawed Libyan human traffickers who usually showcase on the social media outlets humiliated Somali youth and young adults whom they take as financial captives, imprison them in hidden houses and then beat them up for the sake of getting huge ransom from their kith and kin who do not afford paying the heavy ransom which they demand to get so swiftly. This paper also sheds light on the negative impacts of illegal migration on Somali peoples’ economy and how it drains Somali parents of their meagre income and how it results in a financial crisis as well as an economic hurdle, as Somalia which has a population of 18,143, 37814 million. Directorate of Culture and Higher Education (2025) and is situated in the Horn of Africa is recovering from the plights of the prolonged Somali armed conflicts which have been causing the said mass exodus of the Somali youths’ emigration since the inception of the Somali civil war in 1991. This in mind, this paper also investigates the psychological impact of illegal migration on the Somali youths who hail from a fragile nation – Somalia – which joined the East African Community on March the 4th 2024. Being a member of this block and being a …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Impact
  topic: keywords
subject: illegal
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Somali and youths
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Abdikadir Daud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.70806/5wjpnq88

Public Perceptions of Women’s Quota in the Somali Parliament
type: item
description: Somali women are gradually entering the political and leadership landscape. Currently, several influential women hold key political positions, including the Deputy Speaker of Parliament, a former Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the current Minister of Women and Human Rights. In the 2017 and 2022 parliamentary elections, a 30% quota for women's representation was allocated. However, actual outcomes fell short women secured only 24% of seats in 2017 and 19% in 2022. Given these results, the likelihood of achieving the 30% quota in the upcoming 2026 elections remains low. It is important to note that the 30% quota was not a locally driven initiative, which has contributed to its limited implementation. Moreover, there is a lack of research addressing women's representation in Somalia’s parliament. Objective: This study aims to explore public perceptions of the women's quota in the Somali parliament and to identify what level of women’s representation is locally accepted and considered realistic. Methodology: Data collection was conducted on a nationwide scale, employing a mixed-methods approach that combined online and offline techniques. A stratified random sampling of residential addresses was undertaken across all major regional states in Somalia, encompassing both urban and rural areas, to ensure broad geographic and demographic representation. The target population consisted of Somali residents aged 18 years and above. Based on national population estimates, a total sample of n = 1,500 was targeted, yielding 1,372 completed responses, corresponding to a response rate of 91.5%. Findings: Over 60% of the respondents stated that women deserve 20% of the parliament quote while, 12% said no need quota allocation at all let them compete and voters should decide what they deserve. The survey also finds that Somali people largely believe men and women are not equally capable when it comes to some key qualities and behaviors that are essential for parliament seat.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women
  topic: keywords
subject: Parliament
  topic: keywords
subject: Election
  topic: keywords
subject: Quota
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharif Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 14
ending page: 24
doi: 10.70806/t5d6tk57

Youth Engagement in Reconciliation Processes: Pathways to Sustainable Peace-Building in Somalia
type: item
description: Somalia’s protracted conflict has disproportionately affected young people, who constitute over 70% of the population, yet their potential role as peacebuilders remains underutilized. This study examines youth engagement in reconciliation processes as a pathway to sustainable peace in Somalia. The research aims to explore how Somali youth contribute to reconciliation, the barriers they face, and the strategies needed to enhance their inclusion in peacebuilding. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving twelve semi-structured interviews with key informants, including youth leaders, government officials, academics, and civil society actors. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: active youth participation in peace initiatives, structural barriers such as unemployment, clan-based exclusion, and political marginalization, the importance of intergenerational collaboration with elders, and significant policy gaps that limit institutional support for youth-led initiatives. Findings indicate that Somali youth are increasingly recognized as agents of reconciliation, organizing inter-clan dialogues, counter-extremism campaigns, and community projects that foster social cohesion. However, systemic exclusion, insecurity, and lack of resources continue to undermine their efforts. The study concludes that sustainable peace in Somalia requires institutionalizing youth engagement through inclusive policies, targeted capacity building, and stronger partnerships between youth organizations, elders, and state institutions. Empowering youth to actively shape reconciliation processes is not only essential for addressing the root causes of conflict but also for ensuring long-term stability and resilience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Youth engagement, Reconciliation processes, Sustainable peace
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdikarim Dhabaney
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 33
ending page: 42
doi: 10.70806/mke4d967

The Role of Civil Registration in Enhancing National Security and Stability in Somalia.
type: item
description: This article examines the critical role of civil registration in enhancing national security and stability in Somalia. Grounded in the theory of governance and state-building, the study emphasizes the importance of accurate civil registration systems in establishing identity, promoting accountability, and enabling effective governance. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it integrates qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys, engaging stakeholders including government officials, NGOs, and community leaders. The findings reveal that the findings from the study indicate a strong recognition of the importance of civil registration among participants, with 90% acknowledging its role in preventing fraud and 85% providing its significance in enhancing identity verification. Despite the recognized importance of civil registration, significant challenges persist. Security concerns were identified by 85% of participants as a major barrier to effective civil registration in Somalia. The benefits of civil registration are significant, with 82% of participants recognizing its role in improving health outcomes. Participants also unveiled economic development (78%) and enhanced legal rights (76%) as significant advantages of civil registration. Participants offered several recommendations for enhancing civil registration, with 88% emphasizing the need to increase public awareness. Strengthening security measures (80%) was also deemed important, reflecting a widespread recognition that effective governance requires a secure environment where citizens feel safe to participate in civil processes. It is conclude that civil registration plays a vital role in enhancing national security and stability in Somalia, serving as an important mechanism for identity verification, resource allocation, and community trust. The findings of this study unveil the profound implications of a good civil registration system, particularly in a context characterized by insecurity and fragmented go…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Civil registration, national security and stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Abshir Moalin Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 25
ending page: 32
doi: 10.70806/1y6xxn06

Skin Bleaching Among Somali Women: Exploring Social Drivers and Consequences
type: item
description: In Somalia, where darker skin once represented cultural identity and natural beauty, a quiet transformation is taking place. More and more women are turning to skin bleaching products to make their skin lighter. Objective: This study aims to understand the reasons behind why Somali women engage in skin bleaching, its prevalence and the health effects associated with the use of skin lightening products. Methodology: This study combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore reasons, prevalence and effects of skin bleaching among women in Somalia. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews. While quantitative insights were obtained through structured online questionnaires. Findings: The study results indicate that skin-lightening practices are quite common among Somali women. The reasons for using skin lightening products include attracting a marriage partner, Peer pressure from friends and Family, seeking job opportunities, Influence of social media, and boosting self-confidence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shafie Sharif Mohamed
creator: Nasteha Nastehao Asad Adan
creator: Sacdiyo Sacdiyo Sheikh Baana
creator: Mumtaz Mumtaz Mohmoud Mohamed
creator: Abdisalamn Abdisalamn Fahiye5
creator: Shakira Shakira Shafie Sharif6
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 72
ending page: 79
doi: 10.70806/e1grht86

Stakeholder’s Perception on the Foundation Year: Case Study Somalia Higher Education
type: item
description: The study seeks to identify and understand the stakeholders’ perceptions of the foundation year in Mogadishu, Somalia, with special reference to the first-year students in higher learning institutions. The data collection tool used was a structured questionnaire administered between September 2023 and June 2024 to ensure enough time was granted to gather information as students moved from semester to semester. To this aim, the survey deliberately aimed for as wide a coverage of responses as possible and collected basic demographic information alongside the nature of respondents (students, lecturers, administrators, parents) and their detailed qualitative responses for multiple facets of the foundation year. Data collected was analysed descriptively to reveal tendencies, relationships and possible areas of improvement using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. Some measures to validate data include: the study's data was reviewed by experts, and data collectors underwent intensive training to ensure the validity and accuracy of the data. The outcomes showed that 63,75% of participants described their attitude towards the foundation year negatively; they negatively noted how much it undermines students’ knowledge and contributes to the complaints about its complexity or inefficiency. Nevertheless, 37.25% of respondents benefited from the cutting-edge development of the teaching environment. The key issues of concern include the credit hour issue, the issue of the foundation year structure relative to the course structure, language major problems, teaching materials problems, and the fee issues. On the question of finance, 85.6% of participants opined that foundation year students rarely received a waiver for fees, while 74.4 % opined that the reform is not necessary for the effective delivery of the programme to the students. Moreover, there is a greater percentage response of 63.6% of the respondents who believed that the foundation year …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Foundation year
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: stakeholder perspectives
  topic: keywords
subject: somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdikarim Osman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 61
ending page: 71
doi: 10.70806/gvw1br27

Impact and its Associated Factors of Inter Ethnic Conflict Between Afar and Somali Communities the Case of Amibara, Gewane and Mille Woredas, Zone Three Afar Region
type: item
description: The main objective of this study was to examine the impact and associated factors of ethnic conflict between Afar and Somali communities in the case of Amibara, Gewane and Mille Woredas, Afar Regional State. To achieve this objective, the study employed a qualitative research approach with a case study design. The study used primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews, FGDs and personal observation. To select key informants and FGD discussants, non-probable sampling, particularly the purposeful sampling technique, was employed. The study's findings indicate that competition over control and access to natural resources such as pasture, water, and land, politicization of ethnicity, territory claims and the proliferation of SALWs have been major causes of violent conflict. Moreover, the finding also revealed that the major impact of Afar and Somali violent inter-ethnic conflict has manifested itself in ways like human and livestock deaths, depletion of financial assets, destruction of infrastructure, degradation of natural resources, forced migration, loss of biodiversity, inaccessible health services, low food production, trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Finally, to bring lasting and durable peace, there is a need to adopt constructive and long-term solutions through inclusivity, cohesion and cultural tolerance among two communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afar and Somali Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnic groups
  topic: keywords
subject: Inter- Ethnic Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Impacts
  topic: keywords
subject: Associated Factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Nani Debele
creator: Betslot Addisu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 33
ending page: 49
doi: 10.70806/f95gnd14

Somali Community Perception on Arabic Language
type: item
description: The problem of the study is to determine the perception of Somali society towards the Arabic language in the field of education and work, and how society views this language in general, many Somalis believe that Arabic is backward language, Therefore, this study felt this problem and interrogates whether these perceptions are real or not. This study aimed at discovering and collecting perceptions of Somali community on Arabic language, This study has a great importance because it reveals the truth about the Somali perception towards the Arabic language, the study followed the descriptive, and cross sectional method, the researcher selected the sample size by following virtual sampling method(VSM), the study used for data collection electronic questioner, and gained the findings include: The 84% of respondents showed that Arabic language easy and understandable comparing with other languages , while 16% believe that Arabic is difficult language , according to work field the 79% of respondents showed that Arabic scholars can find a job , while 21% answered that Arabic language cannot find a job , 52% of respondents believe that Arabic is active and sophisticated language, while 48%of them believe that Arabic is aback ward language which cannot compatible with education and technology, and 57% of them showed that western countries has made defamation against Arabic language. the most of respondents showed their willing to learn Arabic for the purpose of religious affairs, the study recommended to do deep studies to direct community towards their language which is very crucial in terms of religion , culture , and communication.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Somali
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic
  topic: keywords
subject: perception
  topic: keywords
subject: backward
  topic: keywords
subject: sophisticated
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussein Ahmed Salad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 50
ending page: 60
doi: 10.70806/frz04z80

The Future of Somalia’s Foreign Relations in a Multipolar World
type: item
description: This investigates the complexities of Somalia's foreign relations within the framework of an increasingly multipolar global landscape, focusing on the vital challenge of balancing the influences of emerging global powers against the imperative of maintaining national sovereignty and stability. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data, the research examines Somalia's diplomatic engagements, trade agreements, and geopolitical strategies involving key international actors. The findings reveal that Somalia's foreign policy can be enhanced by strategically leveraging partnerships with multiple global powers, particularly China, the United States, and regional stakeholders, thereby allowing for more resilient economic and political frameworks. Additionally, the research underscores the critical significance of these diplomatic strategies in fostering healthcare development, highlighting that sustained foreign investment and international cooperation are essential for addressing Somalia’s pressing health challenges. The implications of this study extend beyond diplomatic theory, suggesting that Somalia's adept navigation of its foreign relations can lead to enhanced healthcare delivery systems, improved public health outcomes, and greater overall stability. By establishing a model for other nations in similar geopolitical contexts, the research contributes valuable insights into the intersection of international relations and healthcare, advocating for policy frameworks that prioritize both diplomatic engagement and the advancement of national health priorities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: future
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia’s ,foreign
  topic: keywords
subject: relations
  topic: keywords
subject: multipolar
  topic: keywords
subject: world
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdifatah Afyare
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 32
doi: 10.70806/qvpmz542

A Decade of Challenges and Progress: An Analysis of the Secondary School Leaving Examination in Somalia (2015–2024)
type: item
description: After the civil war in 1991, Somalia went 24 years without a unified national secondary school leaving examination due to the absence of a centralized government. The exams were reinstated in 2015, marking a significant step toward rebuilding the education system. During the absence of a government-administered certification exam, various educational associations provided recognized secondary education certificates. Notable among them were FPENS and SAFE which played a crucial role in maintaining educational standards and certification during this period. Objective: This study aims to analyze student participation trends and success rates over the years, while also evaluating the progress and challenges faced by the National Examination between 2015 and 2024. Methodology: In this study, utilized secondary data obtained from the Ministry of Education, and interviews were conducted with staff from the Ministry of Education, formal education networks, Director of Union of Banadir Region Schools, and the director of Somali Teachers Syndicate. Findings: study findings show significant growth in student participation, indicating a positive shift in access to secondary education in Somalia. Student enrollment in the exam has grown from 3,522 in 2014 to 36,034 in 2024. The number of female students participating in the exams has also increased in recent years. From 2021 to 2024, the average pass rates of students have improved across all states. In this regard, students from Jubbaland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, and Southwest have achieved pass rates reaching or exceeding 99%. Notably, the Banaadir region has the highest number of students passing the exam, with 89%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: National Examination
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Pass Rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges in Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Ministry of Education, Culture, and Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharif Mohamed
creator: Nastexo Asad Adan
creator: Abdullahi Mohamud Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 32
ending page: 44
doi: 10.70806/nmjtm718

Emotional Impact of ResearchGate ButtonsRead, Interest Score, Citation, and Recommendation Among Academic Researchers
type: item
description: Reaction buttons have become an integral part of digital academic platforms, shaping how researcher interact with scholarly content. On RearchGate, these buttons facilitate engagement, collaboration, and knowledge exchange, distinguishing them from traditional social media interactions. Purpose This study examines the role of ResearchGate's reaction buttons in fostering academic discourse and professional networking on a global scale. It explores their impact on researcher visibility, motivation for knowledge sharing, and the perception of scholarly recognition. Methods: We gathered data utilizing the quantitative approach. The study focused on ResearchGate users who were given a questionnaire to complete on their own. Out of the 450 individuals targeted, 390 responded, resulting in a response rate of 87%. Both men and women were given equal opportunities to participate, ensuring a balanced representation of gender among the responses. The data analysis employed a descriptive methodology. Findings: The findings revealed that researchers utilize reaction buttons as a tool for increasing visibility and attracting citations. Additionally, engagement with these features often leads to comparisons with peers, influencing perceptions of academic success. Researchers also associate reaction buttons with emotional responses, using them to gain a sense of achievement, boost motivation, and mitigate feelings of anxiety related to their research’s reception. Research limitations: This research focused solely on the emotional impact of ResearchGate buttons among global researchers. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study sheds light on the emotional impact of ResearchGate buttons among global researchers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ResearchGate
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional
  topic: keywords
subject: Interest Score
  topic: keywords
subject: Citation
  topic: keywords
subject: Recommendation
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharf Mohamed
creator: Sadia Mohmoud Baana
creator: Abdisalan Fahiye
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 20
ending page: 31
doi: 10.70806/2kvxvv63

Acceptance Level of Value Added Tax (VAT) Implementation in Somalia.
type: item
description: In August 2024, the Somali government introduced a 5% sales tax, sparking mixed reactions from various segments of society, particularly traders and consumers. Many opposed the tax, citing concerns over its potential negative impact on businesses and the economy. In response, we conducted a study to examine public concerns about the Value Added Tax (VAT) and assess its level of acceptance in Somalia Purpose: To assess the public acceptance level of VAT implementation in Somalia Methodology: The research employed a quantitative approach, using questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The target population consisted of individuals directly affected by VAT, particularly those engaged in business activities. The study initially aimed for 400 respondents, but valid responses were received from 300 participants, resulting in a 75% response rate. A random sampling method was used to ensure fairness and diversity in the sample. Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 27 for Windows to determine frequencies and percentages. Findings: The findings reveal a significant gap in public awareness regarding the 5% sales tax. Additionally, the study identified a widespread perception that the tax is unaffordable. The belief that taxation disproportionately impacts lower-income groups is also reflected in the study's findings. Research Limitations: This study focused solely on the level of public acceptance of VAT implementation in Somalia. Therefore, the findings may not be generalizable to other countries. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study sheds light on level of public acceptance of VAT implementation in Somalia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shafie Sharif
creator: Nasteho Asad Adan
creator: Abdisalam Fahiye
creator: Sacdiya Sheikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 19
doi: 10.70806/e84rm848

Exploring the role of youth led initiatives in state rebuilding case study Mogadishu Somalia
type: item
description: This paper explores into the significant role of youth initiatives in state rebuilding in Mogadishu, Somalia. As the state grapples with the aftermath of conflict and political instability, youth-led programs have emerged as a major force for positive change. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, this research sheds light on how these initiatives promote community engagement and social cohesion, and empower young people to play an active role in governance and state rebuilding. The findings of the study reveal that 49.4% of youth-led initiatives promote social cohesion and innovation, while 58.0% enhance public participation. However, 50.6% of youth face political marginalization, and 39.5% encounter financial constraints. Additionally, 44.4% experience security concerns, and 43.2% report issues with innovation theft. Looking ahead, 51.9% of youth-led initiatives require increased support from government and NGOs. The study recommends that government, NGOs, and private entities create safe and sound environment for youth to engage and contribute for the governance and state rebuilding efforts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ibrahim Ali
creator: Mohamed Mohamud
creator: Ali Mohamed Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 19
doi: 10.70806/pamjcz73

The Economic Impact of Fintech Innovation in Somalia
type: item
description: Purpose – This study aims to explore how the Financial Technology (Fintech) industry contributed to the country’s economic growth. Design/methodology/approach to meet the research goals, the study used a mix of methods, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. First phase conducted detailed interviewswith senior and mid-level managers from 25 financial institutions and Fintech companies of different sizes and backgrounds. In the second phase, 44 participants were selected together quantitative data, including employees from Fintech, academics, employment agencies, insurance firms, technology centers, incubators, and start-ups. Findings – The Somali shilling is nearing extinction, and it is predicted that Somalia will become a fully cashless society in the coming years. However, financial technology (Fintech) is stepping in to fill this gap, playing an increasingly significant role in daily transactions. The rise of digital money, like EVC Plus, has brought about various platforms for contactless payments in many areas, such as business deals, buying goods and services, sending money to rural and vulnerable communities, paying army salaries, collecting government taxes, reducing corruption and supporting those affected by floods, droughts, and conflicts. Fintech in Somalia is considered a key driver for promote inclusivity and boost economic participation for all citizens. Research limitations/implications – Since the research was conducted on Economic Impact of Fintech Innovation in Somalia, the findings may not be applicable to other service sectors. Originality/value – This research explores how financial technology (Fintech) industry contributed to the Somalia’s economic growth. The findings aim to help Somalia and other similar nations improve Financial Technology (Fintech) in their economic sectors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Financial Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Fintech
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharif
creator: Abdullahi Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21
starting page: 39
ending page: 59
doi: 10.70806/3gv3mc08

Factors Influencing Service Quality and its Impact on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A case Study of the Somali Private Banking Sector
type: item
description: Purpose – This study aims to explore the key factors influencing customer satisfaction in Somalia’s private banking sector. Specifically, it focuses on critical aspects such as reliability, responsiveness, visibility, employee commitment, and access to service, all of which play a pivotal role in shaping customer experiences and perceptions. The study also investigates the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. Design/methodology/approach The study population specifically focused on customers receiving Somalian Private Banking services. In this study, 200 respondents were targeted who are the customers of the private banks in Somalia. Out of 200 distributed questionnaires, we received 160 responses that gave a response rate of 80%. The research data were analyzed using descriptive and structural equation modelling (SEM) approaches. Findings – According to the findings customer satisfaction was significantly influenced by the variables of responsiveness, visibility, reliability, and staff commitment. The hypothesis was accepted indicating a significant positive influence of responsiveness on customer satisfaction (path coefficient= 0.261, T-value = 2.543, and p-value = 0.011). Similarly, visibility yielded a strong positive path coefficient of 0.534 which was also significant, leading to the acceptance of H3. Consequently, consumer satisfaction greatly enhanced their loyalty. A further study of variance revealed considerable differences in customer satisfaction based on gender, age, and education level. Research limitations/implications – Since the research was conducted on the private banking market in Somalia, the findings may not be applicable to other service sectors. Originality/value – This research explores how customers evaluate the services offered by private banks, considering broader service quality standards, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. The findings aim to help Somalia and other nations improve customer satisfaction and loyalty in…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Private banking
  topic: keywords
subject: Service quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Customer satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Customer loyalty
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21
starting page: 18
ending page: 38
doi: 10.70806/6cq6jj55

Emotional Impact of Social Media Buttons “Like, Share, and Comment” Among Somali Youth
type: item
description: Social media reaction buttons have become the center of youth’s social debate, and Somali youth have developed an obsession with social media reaction buttons. Young individuals get self-esteem from accomplishing social mediammilestones, and conversely, they feel anxious when they don’t obtain a “Like, Share, or Comment.” This survey comes at a time when social media has sparked online arguments between youth and created conflict and violence in the capital city of Mogadishu. Purpose: The utilization of social media reaction buttons is undergoing a significant transformation. The objective of this study is to assess the emotional effects of social media buttons “Like, Share, and Comment” on Somali youth. The study also examines the impact of reaction buttons on the promotion of group unity, the pursuit of romantic connections, and the experience of both positive emotions and feelings of unease. Methodology: We gathered data utilizing the quantitative approach. The study focused on 1,000 social media users who were given a questionnaire to complete on their own. Out of the 1,000 individuals, 856 responded, resulting in a response rate of 86%. Both men and women were given equal opportunities to participate, ensuring a balanced representation of gender among the responses. The data analysis employed a descriptive methodology. Findings: The findings revealed that youth use reaction buttons to pursue romantic relationships, foster clan solidarity to gain happiness, and avoid anxiety. Research limitations: This research focused solely on the emotional impact of social media buttons among Somali youth. Thus, the results might not be applicable to other countries. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study sheds light on the emotional impact of social media buttons among Somali youth
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional
  topic: keywords
subject: Like
  topic: keywords
subject: Share
  topic: keywords
subject: Comment
  topic: keywords
creator: Shafie Sharif
creator: Mohamed Isak
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21
starting page: 10
ending page: 17
doi: 10.70806/9e261783

Festivals, Identity and Social Stability in Africa: The Example of Calabar Carnival.
type: item
description: Festivals are organized periodic celebrations which form the popular culture which encompass the activities and feelings as a result of interaction, across societies of the world. Festivals are signifiers of the cultural identity of spaces within which they occur, thereby becoming tourism events which relate the socio-cultural space of humanity and the contribution of our social identity. This paper explores the role festival tourism plays through identity and exchange of culture, signifying celebrations, promoting community values, ideologies, continuity and social stability. The paper explores identities through examples of performing nationalities and diversity of cultures from Calabar and Lamu carnival of Nigeria. How do festivals contribute to interpreting cultural identity? The paper answers this through discourse of the diverse characteristics of these festivals
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Festival
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Jacob Ubwa Orfega
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science
date: 2024-12-21
publication date: 2024-12-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.70806/x05e6n60